Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah Biography

Mohammad Ali Jinnah was a 20th century lawyer, politician, statesman and the founder of Pakistan. He is popularly and officially known in Pakistan as Quaid-e-Azam and Baba-e-Qaum mean Father of the Nation. He served as leader of the All-India Muslim League from 1913 until Pakistan's independence on August 14, 1947 and Pakistan's first Governor-General from August 15, 1947 until his death on September 11, 1948.

Jinnah was the first child born to Mithibai and Poonja Jinnah. His father Poonja Jinah (1857–1901) was a prosperous Gujarati merchant who had moved to Sindh from Kathiawar.  His ancestors were Hindu Rajputs who had converted to Islam. His family belonged to the Ismaili Khoja branch of Shi'a Islam though Jinnah later converted to Twelver Khoja Shia Islam. The first born Jinnah was soon joined by six sibling’s 

Brothers Ahmad Ali, Bunde Ali, and Rahmat Ali, and sisters Maryam, Fatima and Shireen. Their mother language was Gujarati in time they also came to speak Kutchi, Sindhi and English. The proper Muslim names of Mr. Jinnah and his siblings, unlike those of his father and grandfather are the consequence of the family's immigration to the Muslim state of Sindh.

He was a restless student, he studied at several schools at the Sindh-Madrasa-tul-Islam in Karachi briefly at the Gokal Das Tej Primary School in Bombay and finally at the Christian Missionary Society High School in Karachi where at age sixteen he passed the matriculation examination of the University of Bombay.In 1892, He was offered an apprenticeship at the London office of Graham's Shipping and Trading Company a business that had extensive dealings with Poonja’s firm in Karachi. Before he left for England, at his mother's urging he married his distant cousin Emibai Jinnah who was two years his junior but she died a few months later. During his sojourn in England, his mother too would pass away. In London, he soon left the apprenticeship to study law instead by joining Lincoln's Inn. It is said that the sole reason of Jinnah's joining Lincoln's Inn is that the welcome board of the Lincoln's Inn had the names of the world's all time top ten magistrates and that this list was led by the name of Muhammad P.B.U.H.  In three years at age 19 he became the youngest Indian to be called to the bar in England.

During his student years in England He came under the spell of 19th century British liberalism like many other future Indian independence leaders. This education included exposure to the idea of the democratic nation and progressive politics. An admirer of the Indian political leaders Dadabhai Naoroji and Sir Pherozeshah Mehta he worked with other Indian students on the former's successful campaign to become the first Indian to hold a seat in the British Parliament.

He rose to prominence in the Indian National Congress initially expounding ideas of Hindu-Muslim unity and helping shape the 1916 Lucknow Pact between the Muslim League and the Indian National Congress, he also became a key leader in the All India Home Rule League. He proposed a fourteen-point constitutional reform plan to safeguard the political rights of Muslims in a self-governing India.He later advocated the Two Nation Theory embracing the goal of creating a separate Muslim state as per

the Lahore Resolution. The League won most reserved Muslim seats in the elections of 1946. After the British and Congress backed out of the Cabinet Mission Plan He called for a Direct Action Day to achieve the formation of Pakistan. Direct action by the Muslim League and its Volunteer Corps resulted in massive rioting in Calcutta between Muslims and Hindus. As the first Governor General of Pakistan, He led efforts to lay the foundations of the new state of Pakistan frame national policies and rehabilitate millions of Muslim refugees who had migrated from India.He died in September 1948, just over a year after Pakistan gained independence from the British Empire just over a year after Pakistan gained independence from the British Empire.